Author: Admin

Vitamin C Soothes Pain from Osteoarthritis in 14 days

Admin

July 6, 2003

Vitamin C soothes pain from osteoarthritis in 14 days. That is the conclusion of a Danish scientific study recently published in the Danish medical magazine, Ugeskrift for Laeger.

133 patients with osteoarthritis of the hip joint and knee joint were treated with one gram of vitamin C or placebo twice daily for 14 days. In those who got vitamin C there was clearly better pain relief than in the other group.

The study was made because many people have said that vitamin C has helped with their osteoarthritis.

“Our study, which have been carried out to the highest scientific standard, have shown that vitamin C reduces the pain of osteoarthritis of the hip or knee joint within 14 days,” says Niels Hertz, specialist in general medicine.

“This effect was statistically exceptionally safe and led to very clear improvements in the functioning of those with arthritis. The magnitude of the effect is equivalent to half what you normally find with arthritis pills (NSAIDs), but unlike these, the treatment with vitamin C is free of side effects and can be tolerated indefinitely.

The finding is extra interesting because other studies have shown that people with arthritis who get a lot of vitamin C do not worsen as much over time as those who get ordinary Danish average amounts. This was found a few years ago in the famous American Framingham study, a result that attracted attention at the time.

In other words, one can imagine that vitamin C not only relieves the pain of osteoarthritis, but also counteracts aggravation of arthritis!

There are many examples of this happening. A retired nurse, I know, meant for approx. 10 years ago that she could no longer avoid a hip operation. She was in so much pain. Then she started taking vitamin C and today she is still not operated on. I see her regularly on the street, without a cane and in a good mood.

Every twentieth Dane receives less than 30 mg of vitamin C a day, and very few come close to the American averages from Framingham. This is highly unfortunate for public health.

Several of the world’s leading experts in vitamin C believe that the recommended daily allowances (RDA) should be significantly increased.

Vitamin C is, in my opinion, a fantastically exciting vitamin, which most likely has several other positive surprises in it. We are far from finished exploring it, ”concludes Niels Hertz.

By: Vitality Council

Reference:
Jensen, Niels H.P. Hertz, Ugeskr Laeger 2003;165:2563-6.

www.dadlnet.dk
www.iom.dk

Fruit and vegetable antioxidants could significantly reduce cancer risk

Admin

June 25,  2003

Eating sufficient fruit and vegetables to maintain antioxidant vitamin and mineral levels could reduce the risk of cancer and mortality in men, report researchers from the French health and medical institute Inserm.

An eight-year study found a 30 per cent reduction in cancers and 37 per cent reduction in mortality among men who received a daily antioxidant supplement compared to placebo. The researchers claim that the study, called SU.VI.MAX, is the first randomised trial to show that an adequate intake of vitamins and minerals from fruit and vegetables can reduce the risk of cancer.

The double-blind, placebo-controlled study tested the impact of a daily dose of antioxidants on 13000 healthy subjects. The dose included 6mg of beta-carotene, 120mg of vitamin C, 30mg of vitamin E, 100ug of selenium and 20mg of zinc. The 7886 women, aged 35 to 60 years old, and 5141 men, from 45 to 60 years old, were divided into two groups and followed up over an average of 7.5 years.

There was no difference between the two groups concerning heart disease, supporting other studies testing the effects of antioxidants on cardiovascular health, but cancer risk was reduced by 31 per cent among men. This included most cancers, especially digestive, respiratory and skin cancers.

The absence of such effects in women was not due to the different cancers they developed but rather their better state of health at baseline, explained the Inserm researchers.

Again, while risk of death was 37 per cent lower among men receiving the supplements, the same effect was not seen in women. The researchers also found a higher risk of cancer and heart disease among men with the lowest levels of beta-carotene. The lower the level of the nutrient, the higher the risk of disease. The team stressed however that the findings should support a nutritious diet with regular consumption of fruit and vegetables rather than supplements.

Use of antioxidant supplements was necessary to be able to compare to placebo, but they claim that this effect applies equally to nutrients found readily in plant foods. The results back nutrition advice to consume at least five portions of fruit and vegetables daily rather than relying on supplements, claim the researchers.

They add that the observed effect is likely weaker than would be seen from fruit and vegetables, which have additional nutrients not included in the supplement used in the study. Further, they pointed to fears that people taking supplements may eat less fruit and vegetables, calorie sources which often lead to reduction in consumption of fatty and sugary products.

Source: NutraIngredients.com

Inertia on folic acid has caused thousands of unnecessary deaths

Admin

May 17, 2003

As many as 350,000 deaths could have been prevented over the last decade if the UK government had acted on the compelling evidence for the benefits of folic acid, a conference was told last week. Had flour been fortified with folic acid when the evidence regarding neural tube defects was published, thousands of people would not have died from coronary heart disease.

Godfrey Oakley, visiting professor at the department of epidemiology at the Rollin School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, said: “The failure to require mandatory fortification of flour with folic acid is public health malpractice.” He was speaking at a conference in London organised by Dr Jean-Pierre Lin, consultant paediatric neurologist responsible for the spina bifida services at Guy’s and St Thomas’s hospitals on behalf of the charity the Little Foundation and MacKeith meetings (a product of publishers MacKeith Press).

Recent evidence shows not only the benefits of folic acid in preventing neural tube defects but that it is protective against heart disease, strokes, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Folic acid lowers concentrations of homocysteine, an amino acid that for about 15 years has been believed to be associated with heart attacks and strokes.

Dr David Wald, a cardiologist at Southampton General Hospital, said: “Until public health agencies fortify our diet with sufficient folic acid, people should consider taking an 800 µg supplement each day, especially if they have coronary heart disease.”

The Medical Research Council vitamin study was published in 1991 and gave compelling evidence that taking folic acid prevents up to three quarters of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida (Lancet 1991;338:132-7). Despite the publicity that the report generated, the incidence of neural tube defects has not declined in the United Kingdom over the last decade, despite quite a steep decline between 1970 and 1992.

The government recommends that women who are trying to conceive take 400 µg of folic acid a day. But experts point out that about half of pregnancies are unplanned, meaning that many women start taking the vitamin only once they find out they are pregnant or not at all. Specialists say that the optimal time for women to take the vitamin is from stopping contraception to 12 weeks after conception.

Public health doctors and charities such as the Association of Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus have called on the UK government many times to fortify flour with folic acid. They point out that 39 countries around the world, including the United States and Canada, now either fortify flour or have agreed to do so, and that the rate of neural tube defects has fallen in these countries. In Nova Scotia, where fortification was implemented in 1998, the incidence fell from 2.58 per thousand people in 1991-7 to 1.17 per thousand people in 1998-2000 (Canadian Medical Association Journal 2002;167:241-5).

No country in the European Union, however, has yet decided to fortify flour. The folic acid working group of the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies is soon to publish a report, concluding that most women in Europe do not take folic acid around the time of conception, despite education programmes in some countries encouraging them to do so.

The group collated data from 17 countries showing that the overall incidence of neural tube defects in Europe has not declined over the 1990s. Even women who do take folic acid often do not start until after conception. The report will recommend that EU countries adopt a policy of fortifying flour with folic acid.

If flour were fortified at the recommended level on a worldwide scale 100 000 pregnancies resulting in neural tube defect would be prevented each year, according to Professor Nick Wald, of the St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry.

He said, “There is no evidence or reason to regard fortification at any of the doses proposed as a risk to health, and there is compelling evidence that failure to fortify causes considerable harm.”

The meeting was held the day before the UK’s Food Standards Agency issued a report warning people against taking too many vitamin supplements. The Birth Defects Foundation issued a press release urging women to keep taking folic acid, after receiving a flood of calls to its telephone.

By: Anna Ellis,

BMJ. 2003;326(7398):1054.

Nutrient Research References

Admin

A collection of good nutrient references from before 1999.

Links to the different categories:

Antioxidants in general, Research references

Admin

January 1999

1. Abbott RA, Cox M, Markus H, Tomkins A. Diet, body size and micronutrient status in Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 46:879-84, 1992.
2. Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM. Oxidants, antioxidants and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 7915-22.
3. Ames BN, Gold LS, Willett WC. The causes and prevention of cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 1995; 92: 5258-65.
4. Azen SP, Qian D, Mack W, et al. Effect of supplementary antioxidant vitamin intake on carotid arterial wall intima-media thickness in a controlled clinical trial of cholesterol lowering. Circulation 94;10:2369-72, 1996.
5. Bhat KS. Nutritional status of thiamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine in cataract patients. Nutr Rep Int 363:685-92, 1987.
6. Boers GH. Hyperhomocysteinaemia: A newly recognized risk factor for vascular disease. Neth J Med 45:1:34-41, 1994.
7. Boniton-Kopp C, Coudray C, Berr C, et al. Combined effects of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status on carotid atherosclerosis in a population aged 59-71 y: The Eva study. Am J Clin Nutr 65:121-7, 1997.
8. Brattström L. Vitamins as homocysteine-lowering agents: A mini review. Presentation at the American Institute of Nutrition Colloquium, April 13, 1995, Atlanta, Georgia; Brattström L. Vitamins as homocysteine-lowering agents. J Nutr 126:4 Suppl:1276S-1280S, 1996.
9. Calzada C, Bruckdorfer K, Rice-Evans C. The influence of antioxidant nutrients on platelet function in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis 128;1: 97-105, 1997.
10. Cerhan JR, Wallace RB, Folsom AR. Antioxidant intake and risk of Parkinson’s Disease in older women. Am J Epidemiol 139;11:S65, 1994.
11. De Lorgeril , Boissonnat P, Salen P, et al. The beneficial effect of dietary antioxidant supplementation on platelet aggregation and cyclosporine treatment in heart transplant recipients. Transplantation 58:193-4, 1994.
12. De Rijk MC et al. Dietary antioxidants and Parkinson disease: The Rotterdam study. Arch Neurology 54:762-5, 1997.
13. Ely J. Crary, Smyrna, Georgia, USA – quoted in Zarrow S. Keep your eyes young and sharp. Prevention March, 1985, pp. 74-80; Crary E. Antioxidant treatment of macular degeneration of the aging and macularedema in diabetic retinopathy. South Med J 80 no. 9, supple 3:38, 1987.
14. Fahn S. An open trial of high-dosage antioxidants in early Parkinson’s disease. Am J Clin Nutr 53:380S-1S, 1991.
15. Gartside PS, Glueck CJ. Relationship of dietary intake to hospital admission for coronary heart and vascular disease: The NHANES II National Probability Study. J Am Coll Nutr 12:6:5676-84, 1993.
16. Ghosh S, et al. Dietary intake and plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins in health and disease: A hospital-based case-control study. J Nutr Environ Med 5:235-42, 1995.
17. Grimes JD et al. Prevention of progression of Parkinson’s disease with antioxidative therapy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 122-3:165-72, 1988.
18. Hankinson S, Stampfer M, Seddon J, et al. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: A prospective study. BMJ 305: 335-9, 1992.
19. Heliovaara M, Knekt P, Aho K, et al. Serum antioxidants and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 53: 51-3, 1994.
20. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, et al. Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake reduces progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. JAMA 273;23:1849-54, 1995.
21. Ince S. Vitamin Supplements may help delay onset of AIDS. Medical Tribune September 9, p.18, 1993.
22. Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, McGandy RB, Hartz SC. Antioxidant status in persons with and without senile cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 106:3:337-40, 1988.
23. Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr. Epidemiologic evidence of a role for the antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids in cataract prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 53: 352S-5S, 1991.
24. Jacques PH et al. Vitamin intake and senile cataract. J Am Coll Nutr 6:5:435, 1987.
25. Jain VK, Chandra RK. Does nutritional deficiency predispose to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)? Nutr Res 4:537-43, 1984.
26. Jariwalla RJ. Micro-nutrient imbalance in HIV infection and AIDS: Relevance to pathogenesis and therapy. J Nutr Environ Med 5:297-306, 1995.
27. Knekt P, Reunanen A, Jarvinen R, et al. Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in an longitudinal population study. Am JEpidemiol 139:1180-9, 1994.
28. Knekt P, Heliovaara M, Rissanan A, et al. Serum antioxidant vitamins and risk of cataract. BMJ 305:1392-4, 1992.
29. Kritchevsky SB, Shimakawa T, Tell GS, et al. Dietary antioxidants and carotid artery wall thickness: The ARIC study. Circulation 92:8:2142-50, 1995.
30. Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of antioxidant vitamins and incidence of coronary heart disease in women. Abstract. J Am Coll Nutr 11:5:633, 1992.
31. Mares-Perlman J, Klein R, Klein B, et al. Relationship between age-related maculopathy and intake of vitamin and mineral supplements. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34:1133, 1993.
32. McAlindon TE, Jacques P, Zhang Y, et al. Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis? Arthritis Rheum 39(4): 648-56,1996.
33. Mastroiacovo P et al. Antioxidant Vitamins and Immunodeficiency. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 66:141-5, 1996.
34. Mooradian AD et al. Selected Vitamin and Mineral in Diabetes. Diabetes Care 17; 464-79, 1994.
35. Newsome D et al. The trace element and antioxidant economy of the human macula: Can dietary supplementation influence the course of macular degeneration? J Am Coll Nutr 10:5:536, 1991.
36. Olson RJ. Supplemental dietary antioxidant vitamins and minerals in patients with macular degeneration. J Am Coll Nutr 10:5:550, 1991.
37. Olszewski AJ et al. Reduction of plasma lipid and homocysteine levels by pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin, choline, riboflavin, and troxerutin in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 75:1:1-6, 1989.
38. Pories WJ, Henzel JH, Hennessen JA. Proc U of Missouri First Annual Conference on Trace Substances in the Environment and Health 1968:114, 1967.
39. Rath M, Pauling L. A unified theory of human cardiovascular disease leading the way to the abolition of this disease as a cause for human mortality. J Orthomol Med 7:1:5-15, 1992.
40. Singh R, Niaz M, Bishnol J, et al. Diet, antioxidant vitamins, oxidative stress, and risk of coronary artery disease. Acta Cardiol 49:5:453-67, 1994.
41. Singh RB, Ghosh S, Niaz MA, et al. Dietary intake, plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins and oxidative stress in relation to coronary artery disease in elderly subjects. Am J Cardiol 76:1233-8, 1995.
42. Singh RB, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, et al. Dietary intake and plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins in health and disease: A hospital-based case-control study. J Nutr Environ Med 5:235-42, 1995.
43. Singal PK, Kapur N, Dhillon KS et al. Role of free radicals in catecholamine induced cardiomyopathy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 60:1390, 1982.
44. Snodderly DM. Evidence for protection against age-related macular degeneration by carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins. Am J Clin Nutr 62:suppl:1448S-61S, 1995.
45. Steinberg D.Antioxidants in the prevention of human Artherosclerosis. Circulation 85; 6; 2338-2344, 1992.
46. Tang A, Graham N, Kirby A, et al. Dietary micronutrient intake and the risk of progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) infected homosexual men. Am J Epidemiol 138: 937-51, 1993.
47. Tang AM, Graham NM, Saah AJ. Effects of Micronutrient Intake on Survival in Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Infection. Am J Epidemiol 143:1244-56, 1996.
48. Tavani A et al. Food and nutrient intake and risk of cataract. Ann Epidemiol 6:41-6, 1996.
49. Tolonen, Matti: Fria radikaler och antioxidantia i biologi och medicin. Vitaminers og spormineralers betydning for velfærdssygdomme. (Significance of vitamins and traceminerals in disease), Rigshospitalets Symposium, Pharma Nord Research, 1988 (in Danish/Swedish).
50. Vitale S, West S, Hallfrish H, et al. Plasma antioxidants and risk of cortical and nuclear cataract. Epidemiology 4:195-203, 1993.
Ward RJ et al. Reduced antioxidant status in patients with chronic alcoholic myopathy. Biochem Soc Trans 16:581, 1988.
51. Ward RJ, Peters TJ. The antioxidant status of patients with either alcohol-induced liver damage or myopathy. Alcohol Alcohol 27;4:359-65, 1992.
52. Weisberger JH. Nutritional approach to cancer prevention with emphasis on vitamins, antioxidants, and carotenoids. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 53: 226s.
53. West S, Vitale S, Hallfrisch J, et al. Are antioxidants or supplements protective for age-related macular degeneration? Arch Ophthalmol 112:222-7, 1994.
54. Woodside J et al. The effects of vitamin supplementation on cardiovascular risk. J Inherit Metabol Dis 19:Suppl 1:26/P51, 1996.

– See also betacarotene, Vitamin B6, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Coenzyme Q10, Selenium and Zinc.

 

Sources:
Joseph E. Pizzorno Jr., Michael T. Murrey & Melvyn R. Werbach.

Vitamin A, Betacarotene, Research references

Admin

January 1999

1. Band P.R. et al. Treatment of Benign Breast Disease with Vitamin A. Prev Med 549-54, 1984.
2. Bendich A. Symposium conclusions: Biological actions of carotenoids. J Nutr 119: 112-5, 1989.
3. Bichler KH et al. Influence of vitamin A deficiency on the excretion of uromucoid and other substances in the urine of rats. Clin Nephrol 20:32-9, 1983.
4. Branowitz SA, Starrett B, Brookner AR. Carotene deficiency in HIV patients. AIDS 10; (1):115, 1996.
5. Burton GW, Ingold KU. Beta-carotene. An unusual type of lipid antioxidant. Scicnce 224: 569-573, 1984.
6. Cheraskin E, Ringsdorf WM, Medford FH. The ‘ideal’ daily vitamin A intake. Int J Vit Nutr Res 46: 11-13, 1976.
7. Chole Q. Vitamin A in the cochlea. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 124:379-82, 1978.
8. Comstock GW et al. Serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and retinol preceding the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 56: 323-5, 1997.
9. Connett JE, Kuller KH, Kjelsberg MO et al. Relationship between carotenoids and cancer. Cancer 64: 126-134, 1989.
10. Coutsoudis A, Bobat R, Coovadia H. The effects of vitamin-A supplementation on the morbidity of children born to HIV-infected women. Am J Public Health 85; (8):1076-81, 1995.
11. Delmas-Beauvieux M-C, Peuchant E, Couchouron A, et al. The enzymatic antioxidant system in blood and glutathione status in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients: Effects of supplementation with selenium or carotene. Am J Clin Nutr 64: 101-7, 1996.
12. DiMascio P, Murphy ME, Sies H. Antioxidant defense systems the role of carotenoids, tocopherols and thiols. Am J Clin Nutr 53: 194S-200S, 1991.
13. Eldred GE. Vitamins A and E in RPE lipofuscin formation and implications for age-related macular degeneration. Prog Clin Biol Res 314: 113-29, 1989.
14. Ferreira R et al. Antioxidant action of vitamins A and E in patients submitted to coronary bypass surgery. Vasc Surg 25: 191-195, 1991.
15. Gaby SK, Singh VN. Vitamin intake and health: A scientific review. New York: Marcel Dekker. p 29-57, 1991.
16. Gershoff SN, McGandy RB. The effects of vitamin A-deficient diets containing lactose in producing bladder calculi and tumors in rats. Am J Clin Nutr 34: 483, 1981.
17. Goodman DS. Vitamin A and retinoids in heath and disease. N Eng J Med 310: 1023-1031, 1984.
18. Hayes KC. Retinal degeneration in monkeys induced by deficiencies of vitamin E or A. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 13:7:499-510, 1974.
19. Honkanen V et al. Vitamins A and E, retinol binding protein and zinc in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 7: 465-9, 1989.
20. Honkanen VEA et al. Serum cholesterol and vitamins A and E in juvenile chronic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 8: 187-91, 1990.
21. Liao CH, Erdman JW, Johnston PV. Dietary vitamin A deficiency and the immune system in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nutr Res 16: 279-92, 1996.
22. Lohle E. The influence of chronic vitamin A deficiency on human and animal ears. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 234:167-73, 1982.
23. Mckeown LA. Beta carotene lifts CD4 counts. Study reported in Medical Tribune Feb. 25, p. 1. 1993.
24. Mobarhan S, Bowen P, Andersen B et al. Effects of beta-carotene repletion on beta-carotene absorption, lipid peroxidation, and neutrophil superoxide formation in young men. Nutr Cancer 14: 195-206, 1990.
25. Newbold PCH. Beta-carotene in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 95: 100-1, 1976.
26. Olson JA. Vitamin A. In: Present knowledge in nutrition. 7th edn. Washington DC: Intemational Life Sciences Press. p 109-119, 1996.
27. Oson JA. Provitamin A function of carotenoids. Thc conversion of B-carotene to Vitamin A. J Nutr 119: 105-108, 1989.
28. Paganini-Hill A, Chao A, Ross RK et al. Vitamin A, beta carotene and the risk of cancer. A prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst 79: 443-448, 1987.
29. Palgi A. Association between dietary changes and morality rates; Israel 1949 to 1977; a trend-free regression model. Am J Clin Nutr 34: 1569-1583, 1981.
30. Prince MR, Frisoli JK. Beta-carotene accumulation in serum and skin. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 57: 175-181, 1993.
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32. Riemersma RA, Wood DA, MacIntyre CCH, et al. Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C and E and carotene. Lancet 337:1-5, 1991.
33. Romeo G. The therapeutic effect of vitamins A and E in neurosensory hearing loss. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 7 Suppl:85-92, 1985.
34. Sahyoun NR et al. Carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and mortality in an elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 144:5:501-11, 1996.
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36. Semba R, Graham N, Caiaffa W, et al. Increased Mortality associated with Vitamin A Deficiency during Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 infection. Arch Intern Med 153:2149-54, 1993.
37. Semba RD, Park S, Royal W, Griffin DE. Vitamin A deficiency and T-cell subpopulation in HIV-infected adults. Nutr Res 16:915-23, 1996.
38. Sommer A., West, KP. The duration of the effect of vitamin A supplementation. Am J Public Health 1997; 87: 467, 1997.
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42. Stahelin HB, Gey KB, Eichholzer M et al. Beta-carotene and cancer prevention. The Basel Study. Am J Clin Nutr 53: 265S-269S, 1991.
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44. Tang AM et al. Association between Serum Vitamin A and E levels and HIV-1 disease progression. AIDS 11:613-20, 1997.
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Sources
Joseph E. Pizzorno Jr., Michael T. Murrey & Melvyn R. Werbach.

Vitamin B1, Research references

Admin

January 1999

1. Allison JR. The relation of hydrochloric acid and vitamin B complex deficiency in certain skin diseases. South Med J 38: 235-241, 1945.
2. Bendich A, Cohen M. Nutrition and Immunology. New York: Alan R. Liss. p 101-123, 1988.
3. Butterworth RF et al. Thiamin deficiency in AIDS. Lancet 338:1086, 1991.
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Sources
Joseph E. Pizzorno Jr., Michael T. Murrey & Melvyn R. Werbach.

Vitamin B2, research references

Admin

January 1999

1. Belko AZ, Obarzanek E, Kalkwarf HJ et al. Effects of exercise on riboflavin requirements of young women. Am J Clin Nutr 37: 509-517, 1983.
2. Belko AZ, Obazanek E, Roach R et al. Effects of aerobic exercise and weight loss on riboflavin requirements of moderately obese, marginally deficient young women. Am J Clin Nutr 40: 553-561, 1984.
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5. Beutler E. Glutathione reductase. Stimulation in normal subjects by riboflavin supplementation. Science 165: 614-615, 1969.
6. Goodwin JS, Garry PJ. Relationship between megadose vitamin supplementation and immunological function in a healthy elderly population. Clin Exp Immunol 51: 647-653, 1983.
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10. Salim-Hanna M, Edwards AM, Silva E. A photo-induced adduct between a vitamin and an essential amino acid: binding of riboflavin to tryptophan. Int J Vit Nutr Res 57: 155-159, 1987.
11. Schoenen J, Jacquay J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 50: 466-470, 1998.
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14. Webster RP, Gawde MD, Bhattacharya RK. Modulation of carcinogen-induced DNA damage and repair enzyme activity by dietary riboflavin. Cancer Lett 98: 129-135, 1996.
15. Weisburger J. Nutritional approach to cancer prevention with emphasis on vitamins, antioxidants, and cartenoids. Am J Clin Nutr 53: S226-227, 1991.

 

Sources
Joseph E. Pizzorno Jr., Michael T. Murrey & Melvyn R. Werbach.

Vitamin B3, Research references

Admin

January 1999

1. Alhadeff L, Gualtieri GT, Lipton M. Toxic effects of water-soluble vitamins. Nutr Rev 42: 33-40, 1984.
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17. Lefavi R et al. Lipid-lowering effect of a dietary chromium III-nicotinic acid complex in male athletes. Nutr Res 13:239-49, 1993.
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Sources
Joseph E. Pizzorno Jr., Michael T. Murrey & Melvyn R. Werbach.

Vitamin B5, Research references

Admin

January 1999

1. Barton-Wright EC, Elliott WA. The Pantothenic Acid Metabolism of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Lancet ii: 862-3, 1963.
2. Fry PC et al. Metabolic response to a pantothenic acid deficient diet in humans. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 22: 339-46, 1976.
3. Welsh AL. Lupus erythematosus: Treatment by combined use of massive amounts of pantothenic acid and vitamin E. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 70: 181-98, 1954.


Sources
Joseph E. Pizzorno Jr., Michael T. Murrey & Melvyn R. Werbach.